Bonneville Lock and Dam consists of several dam structures that together
complete a span of the Columbia River between the US states of Oregon
and Washington at River Mile 146.1. The dam is located 40 miles east of
Portland, Oregon, in what is now the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic
Area. The primary functions of Bonneville Lock and Dam are those of electrical
power generation and river navigation. The dam was built and is managed
by the US Army Corps of Engineers. Electrical power generated at Bonneville
is distributed by the Bonneville Power Administration. Bonneville Lock
and Dam is named for Army Capt. Benjamin Bonneville, an early explorer
credited with charting much of the Oregon Trail. The name is pronounced
BAH-nee-vill.
History
The original structures: a lock and powerhouse constructed on the south
(Oregon) side of Bradford Island and a spillway on the north (Washington)
side, were built by the Army Corps of Engineers during the New Deal—started
in 1933 and finished in 1937. Prior to this damming of the river, a set
of locks that were opened in 1896 moved ships around Cascades Rapids,
located several miles upstream of Bonneville (see Cascade Locks, Oregon).
Both the cascades and the old lock structure were submerged by Lake Bonneville,
the reservoir that formed behind the dam. The original navigation lock
at Bonneville was opened in 1938 and was, at that time, the largest single-lift
lock in the world.
In his song Roll on, Columbia, the folk singer, Woody Guthrie, spoke
of Bonneville as follows:
Turbines inside the second powerhouseAt Bonneville now there are ships
in the locks,
The waters have risen and cleared all the rocks,
Shiploads of plenty will steam past the docks,
So roll on, Columbia, roll on.
At the time, America was in the Great Depression, and the dam's construction
provided important jobs and money for the Pacific Northwest, providing
hydropower that gave cheap energy to aluminum plants in the area, and
enabling transportation 188 miles up the Columbia.
A second powerhouse (and dam structure) was started in 1974 and completed
in 1981. The second powerhouse was built by widening the river channel
on the Washington side, creating Cascades Island between the new powerhouse
and the original spillway. The combined electrical output of the two power
houses at Bonneville is now over 1 million kilowatts.
Despite its world record size in 1938, Bonneville Lock became the smallest
of seven locks built subsequently at different locations upstream on the
Columbia and Snake Rivers; eventually a new lock was needed at Bonneville.
This new structure was built on the Oregon shore, opening to ship and
barge traffic in 1993.
Dimensions and statistics
Aerial view of spillway flanked by powerhouses, Bonneville Lock (near
right) and Lake Bonneville beyondFirst Powerhouse – Constructed
in 1933-37; 313 m (1,027 ft) long; 10 generators with an output capacity
of 526,700 kW.
Spillway – Constructed 1933-37; 18 gates over a length of 442 m
( 1450 ft); maintains the reservoir (upriver) usually 18 m (60 ft) above
the river on the downsteam side;
Second Powerhouse – Constructed 1974-81; 300.5 m (986 ft) long;
8 generators (plus two at fish ladders) with a total generating capacity
of 558,200 kW.
Bonneville Lock – Constructed in 1993 at a cost of $341 million;
26 m (86 ft) wide, 206 m (675 ft) long; transit time is approx. 30 minutes.
Lake Bonneville – 77 km (48 mi) long reservoir on the Columbia River
created by Bonneville Dam; part of the Columbia-Snake Inland Waterway.
References
Bonneville Lock and Dam. A National Historic Landmark Serving the Northwest.
2001. U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001-691-677. U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Portland District, public information pamphlet distributed
at the Bonneville Lock and Dam visitor centers.
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